iOS (jailbroken): Apple has some pretty smooth animations built into iOS, but if you really want to get fancy, DisplayCandy adds tons of new ones to the open, close, and switch functions of your iPhone.
DisplayCandy lets you choose from 12 different animations, like a page curl, a ripple effect, or a rotating cube. You can apply them to three different actions on your device (open app, close app, and switch app) and even customize the speed and direction of the animations. Remarkably, the custom animations work without any noticeable lag, at least on my iPhone 4. It's just one more great way you can customize your iPhone inside and out. Check out the above video from iDownloadBlog to see some of the animations in action.
DisplayCandy is a $2.00 download and is available in Cydia.
New genetic risk factor for inflammation identified in African-American womenPublic release date: 30-Aug-2012 [ | E-mail | Share ]
Contact: Kristen Woodward kwoodwar@fhcrc.org 206-667-5095 Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center
Inflammatory marker is linked with increased risk of heart disease, diabetes and some cancers
SEATTLE African Americans have higher blood levels of a protein associated with increased heart-disease risk than European Americans, despite higher "good" HDL cholesterol and lower "bad" triglyceride levels. This contradictory observation now may be explained, in part, by a genetic variant identified in the first large-scale, genome-wide association study of this protein involving 12,000 African American and Hispanic American women.
Lead researcher Alexander Reiner, M.D., an epidemiologist at Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, and colleagues describe their findings online ahead of the Sept. 7 print issue of the American Journal of Human Genetics.
Specifically, the researchers looked for genetic signposts associated with elevated levels of C-reactive protein, or CRP a marker of inflammation that is linked with increased risk of heart disease, diabetes and some cancers.
"Most previous studies examining the genetic determinants of elevated CRP have focused on tens of thousands of white individuals of European descent," said Reiner, a member of the Hutchinson Center's Public Health Sciences Division. "Since minorities African Americans and Hispanic Americans in particular tend to have higher CRP levels than other U.S. racial and ethnic groups, it's important to understand whether genetic factors might contribute to these differences."
Reiner and colleagues identified several genetic factors linked to CRP that are relatively specific to African Americans. They found a variation in TREM2, a family of genes on chromosome 6p21 that are expressed in white blood cells and appear to be important for regulating the degree of inflammation generated when white blood cells respond to infection or tissue injury.
"TREM genes were recognized relatively recently to be involved in inflammation and autoimmune disorders. Our finding adds further support to the importance of this gene family in generating and regulating inflammatory responses," said Reiner, who is also a professor of epidemiology at the University of Washington School of Public Health.
They also discovered that approximately 20 previously identified genetic factors associated with elevated CRP in whites are also shared among African Americans and Hispanic Americans genes that involve pathways related to innate immunity as well as metabolism of fat and sugar.
Identifying the genetic variants that regulate CRP levels may help researchers settle a point of scientific controversy: whether chronic, low-grade inflammation causes cardiovascular disease or whether it is just a reaction to the disease process of atherosclerosis, also known as hardening of the arteries.
"This finding may allow us to study whether CRP is a direct cause of heart disease or merely an early warning sign," Reiner said. "Moreover, understanding the genes that regulate the inflammatory response in humans could lead to the development of new anti-inflammatory drugs for treatment of an assortment of chronic diseases ranging from diabetes to cancer."
In addition to genetics, environmental factors that are known to contribute to elevated CRP and low-grade, chronic inflammation include obesity, cigarette smoking and estrogen therapy.
While low-grade inflammation may contribute to increased risk of cardiovascular disease and other health disparities among African Americans and Hispanic Americans, prior studies suggest the correlation between CRP and obesity does not appear to completely explain higher CRP levels among people of African descent.
For the study, Reiner and colleagues scanned the genomes of 8,280 African American and 3,548 Hispanic American, postmenopausal participants in the Women's Health Initiative to look for variations in DNA called single-nucleotide polymorphisms, or SNPs that were associated with elevated CRP. The Hutchinson Center houses the Clinical Coordinating Center of the WHI, one of the largest U.S. prevention studies of its kind involving more than 161,000 women nationwide.
"This pool of genotyping data offers unique and exciting opportunities to search for genetic factors that influence disease risks in the two largest minority populations in the United States: African Americans and Hispanics," said senior author Hua Tang, Ph.D., an associate professor of genetics and statistics at Stanford University. These groups suffer disproportionate burdens of heart disease, certain types of cancer and other illnesses but are under-represented in many ongoing genetic-association studies. "Our ultimate goal is to design better disease prevention, diagnostic and therapeutic strategies so that all people can benefit from advancements in genomics medicine," Tang said.
###
The National Heart, Lung and Blood Institute, the National Institutes of Health and the U.S. Department of Health and Human Services funded the research, which also involved collaborators at the University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill and the University of Iowa.
At Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, our interdisciplinary teams of world-renowned scientists and humanitarians work together to prevent, diagnose and treat cancer, HIV/AIDS and other diseases. Our researchers, including three Nobel laureates, bring a relentless pursuit and passion for health, knowledge and hope to their work and to the world. For more information, please visit www.fhcrc.org.
[ | E-mail | Share ]
?
AAAS and EurekAlert! are not responsible for the accuracy of news releases posted to EurekAlert! by contributing institutions or for the use of any information through the EurekAlert! system.
New genetic risk factor for inflammation identified in African-American womenPublic release date: 30-Aug-2012 [ | E-mail | Share ]
Contact: Kristen Woodward kwoodwar@fhcrc.org 206-667-5095 Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center
Inflammatory marker is linked with increased risk of heart disease, diabetes and some cancers
SEATTLE African Americans have higher blood levels of a protein associated with increased heart-disease risk than European Americans, despite higher "good" HDL cholesterol and lower "bad" triglyceride levels. This contradictory observation now may be explained, in part, by a genetic variant identified in the first large-scale, genome-wide association study of this protein involving 12,000 African American and Hispanic American women.
Lead researcher Alexander Reiner, M.D., an epidemiologist at Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, and colleagues describe their findings online ahead of the Sept. 7 print issue of the American Journal of Human Genetics.
Specifically, the researchers looked for genetic signposts associated with elevated levels of C-reactive protein, or CRP a marker of inflammation that is linked with increased risk of heart disease, diabetes and some cancers.
"Most previous studies examining the genetic determinants of elevated CRP have focused on tens of thousands of white individuals of European descent," said Reiner, a member of the Hutchinson Center's Public Health Sciences Division. "Since minorities African Americans and Hispanic Americans in particular tend to have higher CRP levels than other U.S. racial and ethnic groups, it's important to understand whether genetic factors might contribute to these differences."
Reiner and colleagues identified several genetic factors linked to CRP that are relatively specific to African Americans. They found a variation in TREM2, a family of genes on chromosome 6p21 that are expressed in white blood cells and appear to be important for regulating the degree of inflammation generated when white blood cells respond to infection or tissue injury.
"TREM genes were recognized relatively recently to be involved in inflammation and autoimmune disorders. Our finding adds further support to the importance of this gene family in generating and regulating inflammatory responses," said Reiner, who is also a professor of epidemiology at the University of Washington School of Public Health.
They also discovered that approximately 20 previously identified genetic factors associated with elevated CRP in whites are also shared among African Americans and Hispanic Americans genes that involve pathways related to innate immunity as well as metabolism of fat and sugar.
Identifying the genetic variants that regulate CRP levels may help researchers settle a point of scientific controversy: whether chronic, low-grade inflammation causes cardiovascular disease or whether it is just a reaction to the disease process of atherosclerosis, also known as hardening of the arteries.
"This finding may allow us to study whether CRP is a direct cause of heart disease or merely an early warning sign," Reiner said. "Moreover, understanding the genes that regulate the inflammatory response in humans could lead to the development of new anti-inflammatory drugs for treatment of an assortment of chronic diseases ranging from diabetes to cancer."
In addition to genetics, environmental factors that are known to contribute to elevated CRP and low-grade, chronic inflammation include obesity, cigarette smoking and estrogen therapy.
While low-grade inflammation may contribute to increased risk of cardiovascular disease and other health disparities among African Americans and Hispanic Americans, prior studies suggest the correlation between CRP and obesity does not appear to completely explain higher CRP levels among people of African descent.
For the study, Reiner and colleagues scanned the genomes of 8,280 African American and 3,548 Hispanic American, postmenopausal participants in the Women's Health Initiative to look for variations in DNA called single-nucleotide polymorphisms, or SNPs that were associated with elevated CRP. The Hutchinson Center houses the Clinical Coordinating Center of the WHI, one of the largest U.S. prevention studies of its kind involving more than 161,000 women nationwide.
"This pool of genotyping data offers unique and exciting opportunities to search for genetic factors that influence disease risks in the two largest minority populations in the United States: African Americans and Hispanics," said senior author Hua Tang, Ph.D., an associate professor of genetics and statistics at Stanford University. These groups suffer disproportionate burdens of heart disease, certain types of cancer and other illnesses but are under-represented in many ongoing genetic-association studies. "Our ultimate goal is to design better disease prevention, diagnostic and therapeutic strategies so that all people can benefit from advancements in genomics medicine," Tang said.
###
The National Heart, Lung and Blood Institute, the National Institutes of Health and the U.S. Department of Health and Human Services funded the research, which also involved collaborators at the University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill and the University of Iowa.
At Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, our interdisciplinary teams of world-renowned scientists and humanitarians work together to prevent, diagnose and treat cancer, HIV/AIDS and other diseases. Our researchers, including three Nobel laureates, bring a relentless pursuit and passion for health, knowledge and hope to their work and to the world. For more information, please visit www.fhcrc.org.
[ | E-mail | Share ]
?
AAAS and EurekAlert! are not responsible for the accuracy of news releases posted to EurekAlert! by contributing institutions or for the use of any information through the EurekAlert! system.
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Former President George W. Bush may be a ghostly presence at the Republican National Convention, but his brother expects him to get top billing, of sorts, next week.
"He'll be more at the Charlotte convention," joked former Florida Gov. Jeb Bush on "CBS This Morning." He was referring to the Democratic National Convention that begins Tuesday and is likely to feature lots of George Bush-bashing.
Jeb Bush acknowledges that his brother has been a target because voters blame him for the nation's economic problems. The former president has held no place of honor at the GOP convention other than a video tribute.
That doesn't mean he isn't tuning in to the convention.
"I think he's watching it, and I know he's interested in it," Jeb Bush said. "He's curious about this country. But his attitude is, 'Look, I had a chance, I served, I did my best. It's Mitt Romney's night. It's his turn.'"
? Hope Yen
EDITOR'S NOTE ? Convention Watch shows you the 2012 political conventions through the eyes of Associated Press journalists. Follow them on Twitter where available with the handles listed after each item.
All Critics (41) | Top Critics (13) | Fresh (39) | Rotten (2)
Briskly edited and brightly shot.
In place of evenhandedness, the film gives us a full sense of a personality and intelligence so riveting that we begin to comprehend why all those hundreds of thousands lined up at the MoMA.
The film's centerpiece is the retrospective devoted to Abramovic at the Museum of Modern Art in the spring of 2010.
The film goes a long way to establish the intellectual seriousness and dedication involved in her ambitious series of art stunts.
The second half offers shot after shot of the people who sat opposite Abramovi - an unexpectedly enthralling record of reactions that range from stark agony to rather phony amusement.
So magnetic is she that if Abramovic had chosen to be a baker, or a janitor, you could still make a film about her and it would be only slightly less bombastic, and no less stirring.
Like any good documentary, ""The Artist Is Present" gives insight into the life and work of a truly talented lady. Her works may not be for all tastes she but obviously has an audience if MoMA is any indication.
...for the 2 1/2 month run of the [MoMA] show, Marina would sit completely still in a chair as visitors cued up to sit across from her and look into her eyes. The effect is incredibly and unexpectedly moving.
It demonstrates how cinema can actually make the artist seem present, offering an empathetic fellow consciousness that mirrors one's soul.
If you have been looking for the natural meeting place of Jafar Panahi's document of life under house arrest This is Not a Film and Justin Bieber's popumentary Never Say Never, look no further.
An exhilarating, elegantly executed film that holds a mirror up to the art world, its protagonists and its devotees, forcing us to question the whole circus.
Beginning as an overview of her career, this fascinating doc closes in on the show and its many revealing encounters, asking us to consider face-to-face engagement as a way of dissolving the barriers between an artist and her public.
Thanks largely to the engaging nature of its protagonist, Marina Abramovic: The Artist Is Present stands up as one of the most diverting documentaries to hit the big screen this year.
Marina Abramovi? emerges from this arresting documentary as the Maria Callas of performance art.
Here, you start to feel, is commodified culture at work in its capital city.
Abramovic is nothing less than magnetic.
Abramovic is raw and likeable, if mostly inscrutable.
Although appealing to narrow slice of art aficionados, "Abramovic' carries a deeper message, and a warning, to an increasing mechanized and medicated world
A little pretentious maybe, but then you've got to wonder at a woman who could sit motionless in a wooden chair, eight hours a day for three months.
If you're sceptical about performance art, this might just change your mind.
Brilliant, brilliant, brilliant! Yes, Abramovic is a seductress.
A wildly entertaining and provocative about a bold, honest and charismatic artist.
More Critic Reviews
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Researchers at Warwick Medical School and the University of Essex found that in a sample of 2146 young people aged 11 to 15 years, almost 50 percent of children admitted to being involved in bullying at home. Of these, nearly 42 percent of the children knew their parents and 37 percent who cried, admitted that their brothers were victims of bullying themselves subjected to bullying. However, if the children have never slapped or yelled at the %age of those who bully and those who are victims of bullying drops to 32 percent and 25 percent respectively.For more information: The factors of the family of paper and victimization in school bullying by Alexandra J Skew and Professor Dieter Wolke is presented to the understanding of the company / BHPS 2011 conference June 30, 2011. For more information about the conference please visit
Dr Alexandra Skew, a researcher at ISER common comments: There is an assumption that the older child is probably the strongest and biggest brothers and most of the bullying. In reality, means that children are competing for the attention of their parents? and the use of games and toys, with two older brothers and their young people who show a greater propensity to dominate the other brothers.
Here is a link between the behavior of parents towards their children and bullying among children. Strengthen families and parenting skills and support to increase Brothers is able to reduce bullying and promote wellbeing.
Research also shows that the type of the family of a child is brought in, that is, with both natural parents or step-parent, unless combined with siblings bullying that the number of children and the child?s position in the family. With more than a brother, and in particular, have brothers or a mixture of siblings increases the chance of being involved in a sort of bullying brother.
However, oral modified-release opioid containing a poly-triethyl-release system of the Committee has recommended the suspension of marketing authorization, until the manufacturers have reformulated them to be more stable alcohol.
Surprisingly, among the children are slightly more likely than older people to be involved in bullying and the youngest child is less likely to be involved in any type of bullying. The first-born is more likely to be bullied at home pure and less likely to be a tyrant as a mere means or younger siblings.
Children who are slapped and shouted their parents are more likely to dominate the other brothers.
The results of the ?understanding of society,? a study of 40 000 British families funded by the Economic and Social Research Council, reveals a significant relationship between parental behavior and the prevalence of bullying at home, regardless of the wealth of parents or how they are educated.
Republican presidential candidate, former Massachusetts Gov. Mitt Romney speaks during a campaign rally with vice presidential running mate Rep. Paul Ryan, R-Wis., on Friday, Aug. 24, 2012 in Commerce, Mich. (AP Photo/Evan Vucci)
Republican presidential candidate, former Massachusetts Gov. Mitt Romney speaks during a campaign rally with vice presidential running mate Rep. Paul Ryan, R-Wis., on Friday, Aug. 24, 2012 in Commerce, Mich. (AP Photo/Evan Vucci)
Republican presidential candidate, former Massachusetts Gov. Mitt Romney, right, listens and Republican vice presidential candidate, Rep. Paul?Ryan, R-Wis., speaks during a campaign event at the Long Family Farm, Orchard & Cider Mill, Friday, Aug. 24, 2012 in Commerce, Mich. (AP Photo/Mary Altaffer)
Republican presidential candidate, former Massachusetts Gov. Mitt Romney, left, and his vice presidential running mate, Rep. Paul Ryan, R-Wis., greet supporters during a campaign event at the Long Family Orchard Farm and Cider Mill in in Commerce Township, Mich., Friday, Aug. 24, 2012, (AP Photo/Paul Sancya)
COMMERCE, Mich. (AP) ? Republican Mitt Romney raised the discredited rumor that President Barack Obama wasn't born in the United States, jokingly declaring "no one's ever asked to see my birth certificate" as he campaigned Friday near his own Michigan birthplace.
Romney later insisted the remark was just a joke and not meant to question Obama's citizenship. But the comment risked creating an unwanted distraction for Romney in his last few days of campaigning before the Republican National Convention begins Monday. It came a day after Romney caused another stir by declaring that big business was "doing fine" in the current struggling economy in part because companies get advantages from offshore tax havens.
Romney made his birth certificate remark at a large outdoor rally in Michigan, where he grew up and where his father, George Romney, served as governor. He was joined onstage by his wife, Ann, and running mate, Wisconsin Rep. Paul Ryan.
Romney told supporters that he and Ann had been born at nearby hospitals.
"No one's ever asked to see my birth certificate. They know that this is the place that we were born and raised," Romney said.
The crowd of more than 7,000 responded with hearty laughter.
But Obama campaign spokesman Ben LaBolt swiftly denounced the remark, saying Romney "embraced the most strident voices in his party instead of standing up to them." Obama's campaign later issued a 15-second online video with the clip of Romney's comments in Michigan, followed by this tagline: "Embracing unfounded conspiracy theories, distracting from real issues. America doesn't need a birther-in-chief."
Romney was asked about his comment in a CBS interview later in the day.
"No, no, not a swipe," Romney said. "I've said throughout the campaign and before, there's no question about where he was born. He was born in the U.S. This was fun about us and coming home. And humor, you know ? we've got to have a little humor in a campaign."
The authenticity of Obama's birth certificate has been questioned by some Republican critics who insist Obama is not a "natural-born citizen" as required by the Constitution. Obama released a long-form version of his birth certificate last year as proof that he was born in Hawaii in 1961. But polls show some Republicans remain unconvinced. A Pew Research Center poll taken in April found 19 percent of Republicans, when asked where Obama was born, said they weren't sure, and 6 percent believe he was born in another country.
Friday's remark came as top Romney advisers were announcing convention themes designed to feature Romney's personal side and life experiences as he introduces himself to a broad national audience with many who have yet to tune in to the presidential contest. It's also an opportunity for Romney to cast himself as a compassionate and serious candidate for the presidency after a summer of unforced errors and tough Obama campaign ads that have portrayed him as an out-of-touch multi-millionaire.
The joke also threatened to undercut Romney's recent complaints that Obama has been the one to inject a corrosive tone into the campaign.
Romney gave Democrats another opening Thursday when he attempted to sympathize with the struggles of small business owners.
"Big business is doing fine in many places," Romney said during a campaign fundraiser. "They get the loans they need, they can deal with all the regulation. They know how to find ways to get through the tax code, save money by putting various things in the places where there are low tax havens around the world for their businesses."
His comments resembled Obama's declaration earlier this summer that the "private sector is doing fine" ? a remark that Romney and other Republicans pounced on to portray the president as out of touch with the nation's economic pain. By invoking tax havens, Romney also drew indirect attention to the fact that he has kept some of his own personal fortune in low-tax foreign accounts, including in Switzerland and the Cayman Islands.
Romney's joking flirtation with the "birther" rumor was a departure for the former Massachusetts governor, who has largely steered clear of the controversy and has said when asked that he believes Obama was born in the U.S. Those around him have sometimes brought up the issue.
Romney's son Matt apologized earlier this year for saying that his father would release more of his tax returns "as soon as President Obama releases his grades and birth certificate."
Romney has also embraced the support of Donald Trump, who aggressively questioned Obama's place of birth during his own flirtation with a presidential run. It was Trump who was the impetus for Obama releasing his long-form birth certificate.
Trump has hosted a high-dollar fundraiser for Romney and is expected to have a role at the Republican convention.
Romney adviser Kevin Madden stressed that Romney has said he believes Obama was born in the U.S. and that his view had not changed.
"He was only referencing that Michigan, where he is campaigning today, is the state where he himself was born and raised," Madden said.
Obama campaign officials said the comment was evidence that Romney is trying to curry favor with conservatives ? some of whom remain unenthusiastic about Romney's candidacy.
"Governor Romney's decision to directly enlist himself in the birther movement should give pause to any rational voter across America," LaBolt said.
Obama's campaign tweeted from the president's Twitter account: "Song of the day: Born in the USA" along with a link to the Bruce Springsteen song.
And the Obama camp promptly held up Romney's remark in a fundraising email to supporters: "Take a moment or two to think about that, what he's actually saying, and what it says about Mitt Romney. Then make a donation of $5 or more to re-elect Barack Obama today."
Obama was at the White House Friday with no public events and was headed to Camp David for the weekend.
Meanwhile, in a sign Romney was further solidifying his base, former Republican presidential candidate Rick Santorum said he was releasing the delegates he won during the GOP primary race to the presumptive nominee.
A senior Santorum aide said the former Pennsylvania senator informed supporters of his plans during a Thursday night conference call. He's expected to release a public statement Friday followed by a formal letter. The aide spoke on the condition of anonymity because he wasn't authorized to speak publicly.
The decision is a formality that frees more than 200 delegates to support Romney at the party's national convention next week in Tampa, Fla. Santorum was Romney's top opponent for the GOP nomination. His withdrawal from the race in April cleared the way for Romney's general election fight against Obama.
___
Associated Press writers Jim Kuhnhenn, Kasie Hunt and AP Deputy Director of Polling Jennifer Agiesta in Washington and Tom Beaumont in Tampa, Fla., contributed to this report.
August 25, 2012 on 2:15 pm | By admin | In Small Business News
The phone call came in the middle of the night, and you were alarmed. Your business had been broken into, and you lost a lot of valuable items. After the break in, you never felt secure at your business. You would leave there, and you would check several time to be sure the doors were locked. Now, you have decided it is time for you to feel secure at your business. You decide to call the security companies in Los Angeles to learn how to protect your business.
Earlier this month we
asked for examples of instances where claims to isolated DNA interfered with
basic research (see "The Proper Scope of DNA (or "Gene")
Patent Claims").? We posited that the claim would be something
like this one:
An isolated (human) nucleic acid (or
DNA molecule or gene (specified by name)), encoding an amino acid sequence
identified by SEQ ID NO: X,
where the portions
of this claim in parentheses are optional, used in some cases but not necessary
to properly recite the claimed subject matter.? This type of claim has the following features:
? It must use the term "isolated" in the claim, to distinguish
it from naturally occurring molecules in their natural state, so as to evince
the "hand of man" in its creation (Diamond v. Chakrabarty)
to satisfy 35 U.S.C. ? 101;
? It cannot read on
the natural molecule (i.e., the claim scope cannot be broad enough to encompass
the natural molecule) so that it satisfies the novelty requirement of 35
U.S.C. ? 102
(Wood-Paper Patent,
90 U.S. 566 (1874), and Cochrane v. Badische Anilin Soda Fabrik,
111 U.S. 293 (1884));
? Infringement will lie only if the entire
amino acid sequence recited in the claim is made, used, sold, offered to be
sold, or imported;
? Portions of the gene can be isolated,
sequenced, and characterized and not infringe, and such portions can be changed
and then introduced into the gene to produce another gene that does not
infringe;
? The gene product (typically, a protein)
can be isolated from the cell and studied without infringement, as can
antibodies raised against the gene product; and
? The sequence itself can be identified in
individuals and compared to wildtype or disease-associated mutations without
infringing unless the entire DNA is isolated intact.
Recent posts provide an opportunity to further distinguish what
is patent eligible from what is not (see "Dolphin Genes Show Relationships
between Large Brains and Energy Metabolism Similar to Humans and Elephants"
and "Genetic
Marker Map of Sunflower Species Reported").? In
the former, researchers have identified a number of genes that have been
subjected to positive selection, presumably due to their usefulness in adapting
to the aquatic lifestyle.? This
information was developed by comparing dolphin genes with their orthologs in
related species, including cow, horse, dog, mouse,
elephant, opossum, platypus, chicken, and man.? And none of this information is, per se, eligible for patenting, being
(like the capacity for certain species of Rhizobium to grow together) to be "part
of the storehouse of knowledge of all men [and]?
manifestations of laws of nature, free to all men and reserved
exclusively to none."?
Funk
Brothers Seed Co. v. Kalo Inoculant Co.,
333 U.S. 127 (1948).
However, the paper does posit that
dolphins may be large animal models for type 2 diabetes in humans
During the course of primate evolution, metabolism evolved to provide a
constant supply of energy to the increasing demands of a larger brain.?
[Leonard et al., 2003, "Metabolic correlates
of hominid brain evolution," Comp.
Biochem. Physiol. A 136: 5?15].? Humans have evolved several
adaptations, including an increase in visceral fat and the evolution of
tissue-specific insulin resistance in the brain that protects nervous tissue
from energy shortage; however, malfunctions of this system in humans can cause
type 2 diabetes (Kuzawa, 2010 Beyond feast-famine: brain evolution, human life
history, and the metabolic syndrome. In Human evolutionary biology (ed.
Muehlenbein M.), pp. 518?527. Cambridge, UK: Cambridge University Press).?
Interestingly, recent research has proposed that dolphins should be seen as a
model for type 2 diabetes, as they possess all the hallmarks of the disease
[Venn-Watson et al., 2011, "Dolphins as animal
models for type 2 diabetes: sustained, post-prandial hyperglycemia and
hyperinsulinemia," Gen. Comp.
Endocrinol. 170: 193?99)].? Here, we find genomic signatures of
adaptive evolution in dolphin genes related to control of food intake such as
genes involved in glycerol uptake and/or glucose metabolism (AQP9, OSTN,
SOCS6), and a neuropeptide AGRP that is expressed in the
hypothalamus and involved in increasing appetite, decreasing metabolism and
regulating leptin. In addition, we found several genes under selection related
to lipid transport and metabolism [] that may be associated with the large fat
reserves found in cetaceans.
Thus, methods for testing compounds as
potential drugs for treating human type 2 diabetes using dolphins may be patent
eligible, in a claim such as this one:
A method for identifying a compound that is effective in treating type 2
diabetes in the human, comprising the step of administering the compound to a
bottlenose dolphin and detecting an antiglycemic effect in the dolphin.
The other paper, on the sunflower genome
identified more than 10,000 genetic loci (by virtue of small nucleotide
polymorphisms or SNPs) to provide a genetic map of the sunflower genome.? That genome was represented graphically as
follows:
Like the dolphin genome, this map is also
not patent eligible.? However, sunflowers
are of great economic importance, being the fourth largest source of cultivated
vegetable oils worldwide (www.fas.usda.gov).? In addition to these maps, the "sunflower
genome project" is under active pursuit (Kane et al. 2011, "Progress
towards a reference genome for sunflower," Botany-Botanique 89:
429?37), wherein genes that may increase yield or resistance to insect
predation or aridity may be mapped to portions of the sunflower genome close to
one of these SNPs.? In such a case,
methods for identifying sunflowers having a desirable trait associated with one
of these polymorphisms may be patentable:
A method for producing sunflowers having [a desirable trait], wherein
the trait is genetically linked to [a particular SNP], the method comprising
the step of identifying the SNP in said sunflower and cultivating said
sunflower.
These examples are
not meant to be exhaustive.? But they are
intended to illustrate the difference between patent eligible and ineligible
subject matter, and to show that the mere intersection of patents and biology
should not be the occasion to disqualify patent eligible subject matter.
The emergence of nonprofits as the leading conduit for anonymous spending in this year's presidential campaign is often attributed to the Supreme Court's 2010 Citizens United ruling, which opened the money spigot, allowing corporations and unions to buy ads urging people to vote for or against specific candidates.
But a closer look shows that there are several reasons that tens of millions of dollars of secret money are flooding this year's campaign. Actions ? and inaction ? by both the Federal Election Commission and the Internal Revenue Service have contributed just as much to the flood of tens of millions of dollars of secret money into the 2012 campaign. Congress did not act on a bill that would have required disclosure after Citizens United and other court rulings opened the door to secret political spending.
To understand how all this happened, it's worth returning to Justice Anthony Kennedy's opinion in Citizens United, and the political system the court envisioned. In the decision's key finding, Kennedy and four other justices said the First Amendment entitled corporations and unions to the same unlimited rights of political speech and spending as any citizen.
But in a less-noticed portion of the ruling, Kennedy and seven of his colleagues upheld disclosure rules and emphasized the role of transparency. Undue corporate or union influence on elections, he wrote, could be addressed by informed voters and shareholders who would instantly access campaign finance facts from their laptops or smart phones.
"With the advent of the Internet," Kennedy wrote, "prompt disclosure of expenditures can provide shareholders and citizens with the information needed to hold corporations and elected officials accountable for their positions and supporters."
If a company wasted money on politics, the justices agreed, its shareholders could use the publicly available information to "determine whether their corporation's political speech advances the corporation's interest in making profits." Separately, the sunshine of public disclosure will let "citizens see whether elected officials are 'in the pocket' of so-called moneyed interests."
"The First Amendment protects political speech; and disclosure permits citizens and shareholders to react to the speech of corporate entities in a proper way," Kennedy concluded. "This transparency enables the electorate to make informed decisions and give proper weight to different speakers and messages."
A very different system has taken shape. As our reporting this week showed, money for political ads is pouring into non-profits ostensibly dedicated to promoting social welfare. These groups are paying for many of the negative ads clogging the airwaves, but are not disclosing their donors.
As a result, it's entirely unclear whether these ads are being paid for by unions and corporations empowered by Citizens United or by wealthy individuals.
Separately, corporations have resisted calls to list their donations to political social welfare nonprofits or other political spending. So far, the Securities and Exchange Commission has not responded to a rulemaking petition asking for it to develop rules to require public companies to disclose that spending.
The Supreme Court's opening of the door to hefty flows of secret money began years before Citizens United. In a 2007 case (PDF) involving a nonprofit called Wisconsin Right to Life, the justices ruled that unions and corporations could buy ads that mentioned a candidate in the weeks before an election as long as the commercials stopped short of directly advocating the candidate's election or defeat. Even if these ads, known as "electioneering communications," clearly attacked the positions of one candidate, they were permissible unless they were "susceptible of no reasonable interpretation other than as an appeal to vote for or against a specific candidate."
The flood began and the identities of hardly any of the donors were disclosed. The reason? A decision by the FEC, the oversight panel with three Republicans and three Democrats who frequently deadlock.
After Wisconsin Right to Life, the FEC told social welfare nonprofits that they had to disclose only if the donors specifically earmarked the money for political ads. "It proved to be the exception that swallowed the rule," said Paul S. Ryan, general counsel of the Campaign Legal Center, a nonprofit, non-partisan group that tracks campaign finance. The day the FEC adopted this rule, Ryan wrote on his blog that it would allow massive amounts of secret money into politics. He proved correct.
In 2006, ads bought by groups that didn't disclose their donors amounted to less than 2 percent of outside spending, excluding party committees, research by the Center for Responsive Politics shows. By 2008, that number hit 25 percent; by 2010, more than 40 percent.
All of this raises an intriguing question: Was Kennedy aware when he drafted the January 2010 Citizens United opinion that nonprofits were being widely used to avoid public disclosure of political spending?
At the least, critics say, Kennedy was poorly informed.
"Justice Kennedy was living in a fantasy land," said Ciara Torres-Spelliscy, a professor at Stetson University College of Law who tracks campaign finance issues. "I wish the world he envisaged exists. It doesn't."
Instead, this is the disclosure world that exists: Someone who gives up to $2,500 to the campaign of President Barack Obama or challenger Mitt Romney will have his or her name, address and profession listed on the FEC website for all to see. But that same person can give $1 million or more to a social welfare group that buys ads supporting or attacking those same candidates and stay anonymous.
This year, a federal judge struck down the FEC rule stemming from Wisconsin Right to Life. The FEC announced in July that major donors to electioneering communications ? ads that focus on issues without directly advocating for candidates ? would have to be named.
Already, groups are looking for work-arounds. They're running different kinds of ads. Some will name other social welfare nonprofits as their donors.
The loose oversight by the FEC helped bring so much anonymous money into campaign finance. But no one expects the commission to take a more assertive role anytime soon. Dan Backer, a lawyer who represents several conservative nonprofits, likened the deadlocked agency to a "cute bunny" while referring to the IRS as a "500-pound gorilla."
The IRS or Congress are more plausible avenues for change, experts say. Ryan said he was hopeful that Congress and the IRS might some day limit ads from groups that don't disclose their donors. The 2012 campaign, though, appears to be a lost cause. "I think this election will be mired and perhaps overwhelmed by secret money," Ryan said.
ProPublica?is an independent, non-profit newsroom that produces investigative journalism in the public interest.?? This article is republished with permission under a?Creative Commons?license.
Related Posts:
Tagged as: Citizens United, Federal Election Commission, Internal Revenue Service, Political Spending
There's nothing like jumping the gun to announce your involvement with a phone that technically doesn't exist, but we've gotta say, we love Qualcomm for doing it. The company has just revealed to us its role in the production of a smartphone from LG that'll feature quad-core Snapdragon S4 internals, and if it performs anything like recent benchmarks suggest, you'd best hold onto your hats. For a little backstory, rumors are currently circulating that LG is producing a smartphone of epic proportions that's known as the Optimus G, which is said to wield a quad-core processor, a 4.7-inch IPS True HD display, 2GB of RAM and a 13-megapixel camera. Whether it's related to this announcement is anyone's guess, but you'll be forgiven for salivating at the prospect. Fortunately, you won't have long to find out the true home of the quad-core Snapdragon S4, as Qualcomm has also revealed that LG plans to release its next superphone for commercial availability this September in South Korea, with other territories to follow.
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With the University of Georgia?s first game of the season against Buffalo just eight days away, head coach Mark Richt has remained silent on who will start at safety for the Bulldogs opposite of senior Shawn Williams.
With All-American safety Bacarri Rambo expected to be suspended for four games due to a violation of Georgia?s drug testing policy, Richt has yet to name a starter at the position, according to a report in the Athens Banner-Herald.
"I probably won?t ever say that," Richt told the Banner-Herald. "Just because, strategically, I don?t know if I want people to know what we?re going to do. It might give them a hint. I don?t want to give them a hint."
As a junior, Rambo recorded 55 tackles and eight interceptions.
For more on the Bulldogs, head over to Dawg Sports.
LOS ANGELES (Reuters) - Canadian rockers Avril Lavigne and Nickleback frontman Chad Kroeger are engaged to be married, Lavigne's spokeswoman confirmed to Reuters on Wednesday as news of the impending nuptials spread online.
People.com reported that Kroeger, 37, proposed to Lavigne, 27, on August 8 with a 14-carat diamond ring. The couple fell for each other while working together on Lavigne's fifth studio album. No wedding date has yet been set.
Earlier this week, the Grammy-nominated Lavigne tweeted that she had wrapped her album and Tuesday, she began retweeting congratulatory messages on Twitter regarding her engagement to Kroeger.
Lavigne is known for such hits as "Complicated" and "I'm With You." The power ballad heavy-Nickelback, also Grammy nominated, is known for songs like "Photograph," "Gotta Be Somebody" and "If Everyone Cared."
Lavigne was previously married to Deryck Whibley from rock band Sum 41 from 2006 to 2010.
(Reporting By Zorianna Kit; Editing by Bob Tourtellotte and M.D. Golan)
News? We got it. Tim and Brian are joined once again by Dana this week, taking advantage of our scenic view of the Huffington Post newsroom. It's just like that TV show, only with fewer Sorkinisms. Come join us at 4:45PM ET, after the break.
iOS (jailbroken): Apple has some pretty smooth animations built into iOS, but if you really want to get fancy, DisplayCandy adds tons of new ones to the open, close, and switch functions of your iPhone. 
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But a closer look shows that there are several reasons that tens of millions of dollars of secret money are flooding this year's campaign. Actions ? and inaction ? by both the Federal Election Commission and the Internal Revenue Service have contributed just as much to the flood of tens of millions of dollars of secret money into the 2012 campaign. Congress did not act on a bill that would have required disclosure after Citizens United and other court rulings opened the door to secret political spending.
